intellectual property

The authors dentify a new route through which patent protection may affect R&D incentives, the tournament effect. It may decrease R\&D incentives, in which case patent protection may either adversely affect the level of R&D, or may discourage licensing. In either case welfare may fall.

The authors examine data prior to 1976 and years immediately following to determine the laws effect on domestic pharmaceutical market, innovation by pharmaceutical firms, and relationship of the Japanese market to the rest of the world.

The paper estimates the net effect of the various elements that comprise an intellectual property rights (IPR) regime including the political system, the laws, conventions and institutions as well as a general familiarity with and respect for IPR related products.

This paper analyses the issue of parallel trade (arbitrage) for products protected by intellectual property rights. The authors consider a two-stage game where firms choose quality first and then prices.

The aim of the community patent is to foster innovative activity, but strategic effects between firms competing in R&D have not been considered in the official discourse. The authors show that, even if these are taken into account, the community patent will increase innovative activity and welfare.

This paper examines the factors that cause differences in patent examination outcomes at the trilateral patent offices using a dataset of more than 70,000 non-PCT patent applications filed at the European and Japanese Patent Offices conditional upon them being granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Taking patents as a notable example, the authors study how the financing of legal costs can alter the incentives to litigate in defense of a petent and, thus, the prospects of infrigement and the effective protection of the innovator.

This paper evaluates empirically the impact of intellectual property rights on disembodied knowledge trade. It presents an exploration on Bilateral French Technology Receipts at the industry level for the period 1994-2000.

The authors model a homogeneous product environment where identical e-retailers endogenously engage in both brand advertising (to create loyal customers) and price advertising. Using data from a price comparison site, they test several predictions of the model.

The case for alternative policy approaches to intellectual property rights is argued in this paper, and several specific proposals are set out for further discussion.