Science and Industry: Tracing the Flow of Basic Research through Manufacturing and Trade

This paper describes flows of basic research through the U.S. economy and explores their implications for scientific output at the industry and field level. The main finding is that the academic spillover effect significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers or industry basic research. Finally, within field effects exceed between field effects, while the within- and between industry effects are equal. Therefore, scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries.