r&d

This report compiles data about the top 1250 global companies as measured by R&D investment. Within the five largest sectors, the pharmaceutical and software industries continue to enjoy a steady increase, gaining on technology hardware in the top spot.

The authors conduct five case studies to look into the extent and types of crossdisciplinary practices in a specialty of bionanotechnology. They found that there is a consistently high degree of cross-disciplinarity in the cognitive aspects of research (i.e. references and instrumentalities), but a more erratic and narrower degree associated with social constructs.

The authors develop a model of the location of global R&D investments by multinational firms, where research investments increase the number of varieties of goods sold globally by the firm, and development activities reduce the cost of producing existing varieties in specific countries. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection in a country enhances the efficiency of the firms local research as well as the profitability local development efforts. The authors test predictions of the model on survey data on foreign and domestic R&D for Japanese multinational firms.

The authors discuss stochastic cost-reducing R&D investments and examine efficient subsidies. They review a two-stage duopoly model in which each firm chooses R&D levels (innovation size and probability of success) in the first stage and competes a la Cournot in the second stage. They find that simple subsidies depending on the realized cost differences induce the efficient levels of R&D with respect to the innovation size and probability of success by two firms regardless of ex ante and ex post asymmetries between the two firms.

This study analyses how R&D expenditure impacts the productivity of companies. The authors analyze the productivity impact of R&D using a large panel dataset
of Finnish firms over a nine‐year period from 1996 to 2004. In the short run (in 1‐2 years) there is no statistically significant productivity impact of R&D. However, R&D does have an economically and statistically significant impact when we take into account R&D efforts made 3‐5 years before. Hence, a window
of almost 5 years is needed to capture the productivity impact of R&D.

This study examines the technological development of
automatic telephone switchboard to clarify the problems of telephone system in prewar Japan. The authors argue that awareness of the countrys technological backwardness and the importance of standardization by independent technology was the starting point for the research and development system of the telecommunication industry in Postwar Japan.

This paper describes flows of basic research through the U.S. economy and explores their implications for scientific output at the industry and field level. The main finding is that the academic spillover effect significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers or industry basic research. Finally, within field effects exceed between field effects, while the within- and between industry effects are equal. Therefore, scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries.

Semi-endogenous models and, to some extent, also Schumpeterian models are based on the assumption of diminishing returns to R&D. This paper shows that the null hypothesis of constant returns to R&D cannot be rejected for the OECD countries.

This paper examines the decision of firms between vertical
integration and outsourcing in a dynamic setting with product innovation. The study shows that the ex-post bargaining power of upstream and downstream parties at the production stage feeds back to R&D incentives, thus affecting the emergence and the performance of labs specialized in complementary inventions.

This paper describes flows of basic research through the U.S. economy and explores their implications for scientific output at the industry and field level. The authors find that the academic spillover effect significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers or industry basic research. Within-field effects exceed between field effects, while the within- and between industry effects are equal. Therefore, scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries.