r&d

This paper concerns offshore R&D investments, focusing mainly on large multinational companies within the industrialized world. The authors examine the following questions: What do we know about offshore R&D activities regarding trends, scope and destinations, driving forces and constraints? and; What do we know about consequences for the R&D investing company, as well as for national systems of innovation, regional R&D
externalities, agglomeration and urban economies of home and host countries as well?

The report provides a variety of basic statistical indicators of R&D effort and identifies recent trends in sources of R&D funding. The report also reviews classic arguments on the appropriate role of government in supporting R&D and the strengths and weaknesses of universities as performers of R&D. The U.S. national innovation system is compared with those in other major industrialized countries.

The authors draw upon historical evidence from several countries and contemporary studies of national innovation systems to argue that indigenous systems of academic training and public research have been in the past important elements of the institutional structures supporting a country’s economic catch up.

Using firm-level longitudinal data in Japan, this paper asks why many firms can achieve high productivity growth without any R&D investments. The effects of international R&D spillovers are much stronger than those of intranational spillovers. Even firms in developed countries like Japan have benefit from international R&D spillovers.

The authors address the manifold nature of knowledge through the analysis of four distinct but complementary phenomena (Internet hyperlinks, European research networks, EPO co-patent applications, Erasmus students mobility) that characterize knowledge as an intrinsic relational structure (directly) connecting people, institutions and (indirectly) regions across five European countries.

Contrary to popular belief, it is intellectual capital and university collaboration, not just lower costs, that primarily attract companies to locate R&D activities in locations away from their home country, according to the report. Among the studys more surprising findings, according to the researchers, was the role university collaboration plays in the decision-making process for locating R&D facilities.

In this paper, the authors analyze the relationship between cost-effectiveness measures and the degree of surplus appropriation by innovators driving dynamic efficiency.

This paper portrays the characteristics of Finnish biotechnology SMEs that have their origin in academic research conducted in universities or other comparable research institutions.

The paper contributes to the debate on cumulative advantage effects in academic research by examining top performance in research and its persistence over time, using a panel dataset comprising the publications of biomedical and exact scientists at the KU Leuven in the period 1992-2001.

In November 2004, California voters approved Prop 71 which authorized $6 billion dollars in taxpayer subsidized bonds and bond financing charges for stem cell research. This report reviews the promises that Prop 71 makes to the pubic, such as all Californians having access to new medical breakthroughs and that the state would receive royalties that would payback the publics investment.