SSTI Digest

Societal stereotypes that depict girls as being less interested in computer science and engineering may be hindering girls from participating in those fields later in life, according to a recent article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The authors found that young children and adolescents endorsed gender-interest stereotypes, which negatively predict girls’ interest in pursuing computer science and engineering and sense of belonging in these fields.

In their study of stereotypes, authors Allison Master, Andrew N. Meltzoff and Sapna Cheryan found that children as young as six and adolescents across multiple racial/ethnic and gender intersections endorse stereotypes that girls are less interested than boys in computer science and engineering. And the more that individual girls believed that, the lower their own interest and sense of belonging in those fields was, according to the study.

Yesterday, Treasury released the first clarifications for its State Small Business Credit Initiative (SSBCI) guidance. These frequently asked questions (FAQs) are intended to help states understand the program rules as they prepare their applications by the Feb. 11, 2022 deadline. The primary clarifications to rules affecting investment programs relate to how Treasury will define a “venture capital fund” and that states will most likely not be able to use SSBCI funds to become limited partners in funds that have already closed. Several high-priority issues, including how states will define a company location and the timing of “socially disadvantaged” business determinations, remain unaddressed.

Business research and development (R&D) intensity — private sector R&D expenditures as a percentage of total gross domestic product (GDP) — is an indicator of how interested businesses are in creating new products and processes. This edition of Useful Stats expands upon previous SSTI analyses of business R&D and applies the more standardized measure of “R&D intensity” to provide additional context on the private sector’s activities within states.

Earlier this week, the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA) announced the phase I winners of the Build Back Better Regional Challenge. Each of the 60 awardees receive $500,000 to support their region and cluster — and begin the process of competing for one of the 20-30 phase II awards that can be up to $100 million each.

According to an EDA fact sheet, finalists are located in 42 states and Puerto Rico and include 15 indigenous communities. EDA also reports that the clusters receiving the most awards are: “agriculture and natural resources;” “information technology;” “energy and resilience;” “advanced manufacturing;” and, “biotechnology and biomanufacturing.”

An SSTI analysis of business R&D employment data from the National Science Foundation’s recently updated 2019 Business Enterprise R&D (BERD) Survey finds that nationally in 2019, R&D employment at private businesses accounted for 8.6 percent of total employment. The states where the business R&D employment shares of total employment were the greatest in 2019 were Washington (20.9 percent); Massachusetts (19.3 percent); California (17.7 percent); New Hampshire (14.7 percent); and Michigan (12.7 percent). The analysis builds on our previous examination of business R&D expenditures and focuses on R&D employment at private businesses and the level of total business R&D expenditures per R&D employee by state in 2019.

The Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund announced 265 financial and technical assistance awards totaling more than $180 million this week. Awardees in the FY 2021 round have headquarters in 43 states, D.C. and Puerto Rico. Financial assistance awards can be used by CDFIs to support additional loans and investments to businesses in underserved communities, while technical assistance awards can be used to build the CDFI’s own capacity. Congratulations to SSTI member Launch NY, for receiving a $225,000 financial assistance award.

While the debate over how well Opportunity Zones (OZs) have performed and whom they most benefit remains far from settled, two uniting perspectives — a commitment to continuing increased investment in impoverished and vulnerable communities, and the desire for better data collection — may encourage lawmakers to make changes to the program.

Since they were created under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act through 2019, more than 6,000 Qualified Opportunity Funds have invested approximately $29 billion in the nation’s OZs, according to a recent report from the Government Accountability Office (GAO). However, this report essentially follows the form of the previous year’s report and only officially recommends that lawmakers enable the Treasury Department to collect additional data to protect against tax fraud.

In an effort to bring together entrepreneurship and innovation leaders from around the country and raise the collective success potential of American small businesses, the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) hosted its first innovation ecosystem summit last month. In her welcome message, SBA Administrator Isabel Guzman reinforced the Innovation Ecosystem Summit’s goal of reimagining the economy, leveraging the nation’s diversity, removing inequities, and building an economic future where ideas have a chance to flourish. She said she is committed to making sure "the SBA can revamp and transform its programs and offerings to ensure that we’re connecting all entrepreneurs with the investments, and the resources, and the people, the expertise, the knowledge that they need to succeed."

The Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM) recently reported findings from its 2020 Licensing Activity Survey. The survey collects self-reported technology transfer activity volumes from universities, hospitals and other non-profit research institutions in the United States. The report highlighted a large increase in the number of patents issued in 2020 relative to 2019, with a growth rate of 15.6 percent. There was less clarity about changes in other metrics, however.

The AUTM survey provides some of the best, accessible data on technology transfer activity, but self-reports have limitations. One consideration is that trends can appear due to both changes in behavior and due to which institutions do (or do not) participate in a given year. In 2020, 10 percent more institutions participated in AUTM’s survey than in 2019. We, therefore, consider year-over-year increases of more than 10 percent as more likely to reflect an increase in tech transfer activity than more modest gains.

This week, Congress reached an agreement on the FY 2022 defense authorization bill (i.e. “NDAA”). The legislation includes support for expanding the Defense Innovation Unit’s (DIU) reach, research at minority-serving institutions, and commercialization pilots, as well as a $7 billion increase in research funding. While the NDAA does not provide appropriations, the bill is a strong signal for where the FY 2022 appropriations are likely to land. Procedurally, the House passed the NDAA this week, and the Senate is expected to pass the bill without amendments. Highlights from innovation provisions in the FY 2022 NDAA follow.

With a 20-year history, the Maryland Technology Development Corporation (TEDCO) is reporting an economic impact in 2021 four times greater than what they experienced in 2013. A new independent study found that its six core programs have provided “significant value” to the state’s start-up community, supporting over 10,000 jobs and more than $2 billion in statewide economic activity as of 2021. Meanwhile, BioCrossroads, a non-profit based in Indianapolis, has reported growth in its life sciences initiatives over the past 15 years. BioCrossroads conducts market research and promotes business and technological innovation in life sciences across Indiana. Both TEDCO and BioCrossroads have utilized public capital to develop industry within their respective target states.

While income inequality has increased in many countries over the past 30 years, gathering public support to sustain momentum for reforms that address those inequalities is important, especially in recovering from the pandemic, says a recent report from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). To gain wider public support to address inequality, the report finds that governments should work toward a better understanding of public perceptions of inequality and provide better information on inequality and equality of opportunities.

The report looks at how people’s perceptions of inequality and social mobility impact their support for such reforms, concluding that while there is growing consensus that inequality is a problem, divisions about its extent and what to do about it are also increasing.